Supporting Information-Corresponding to the Original Data Utilized in this Research Manuscript

This study focuses on the ability of inverters to restart the grid after a blackout, known as black start. This study used two different electrical distribution systems, such as IEEE 123 and K1, to integrate Self-synchronized Universal Droop Controller (SUDC)-based inverters. A 300- and 600-node system was built based on the IEEE 123 and K1 test grid in a real-time simulator. This study included a strategy for planning high penetration of renewable energy using grid-forming inverters for a reliable and resilient supply of electricity for critical loads. The methodology of the study follows the design and the operability of the SUDC in two large-scale models. This study is focused on black-start capability for some critical loads. This work demonstrated the results for black-start capability within 0.4s and 1s with voltage overshoot less than 5% for IEEE 123 and K1, respectively. Other results, such as a voltage variation of ±5% and a frequency variation of ±0.5% were validated. The SUDC has effectively shown that it can be integrated into large-scale grid configurations to supply critical loads power after a blackout.

本研究聚焦于逆变器在停电后重启电网的能力，即所谓的黑启动。研究采用两种不同的电气分配系统，例如 IEEE 123 和 K1，以集成基于自同步通用下垂控制器（SUDC）的逆变器。基于 IEEE 123 和 K1 测试电网，构建了300节点和600节点的实时仿真系统。本研究包含了一项策略，旨在利用电网形成逆变器规划高渗透率的可再生能源，以确保关键负荷的可靠和弹性电力供应。研究方法遵循了SUDC在两个大规模模型中的设计和可操作性。本研究专注于某些关键负荷的黑启动能力。该工作展示了在0.4秒和1秒内实现黑启动能力的结果，对于IEEE 123和K1，电压超调均小于5%。其他结果，如电压变化±5%和频率变化±0.5%，也得到了验证。SUDC有效地表明，它能够集成到大规模电网配置中，以在停电后为关键负荷提供电力。