Pakistani gut microbiota and T2D. Unique Pakistani gut microbiota highlights population-specific microbiota signatures of type 2 diabetes mellitus

We systematically compared the healthy Pakistani microbiota to that of industrialized (represented by China, Japan and Finland) and semi- or non-industrialized (represented by Indonesia, Sudan and rural India) populations as well as that of Pakistani adults with T2D. Potential differences in the butyrate production capacity of the gut microbiota, circulating levels of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation capacity between Pakistani participants with and without T2D were analyzed to gain mechanistic insights. We then evaluated whether a classification model of T2D based on the Pakistani gut microbiota can be extrapolated to other populations.