Nanoparticle-based vaccines in clinical trial/use for COVID-19 and licensed for other pathogens

While several COVID-19 Nanoparticle-based vaccines have been developed during the past year, prior to this pandemic only a small number of NVs have been approved for human use (hepatitis, influenza, human papilloma virus) and were limited to the use of liposomes or virus-like particles. This content is focused on two categories of COVID-19 nanovaccines, protein and nucleic acids-based, containing “synthetic” NPs in their formulation. The Table reports the list of COVID-19 Nanovaccines currently in clinical trials or already approved for humans use. The list is organized into five different groups according to the types of nanocarrier used: ionizable lipid nanoparticles, proteolipid vehicles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, or virus like particles.