Simulation results: Comparison of mean (std) true and estimated (^) model parameters and derived quantities.

Results for each line, for specified heritability h2 and fraction π1 of causal SNPs, are from 10 independent instantiations with random selection of the ncausal causal SNPs that are assigned a β-value from the standard normal distribution. Defining Yg = Gβ, where G is the genotype matrix, the total phenotype vector is constructed as Y = Yg+ε, where the residual random vector ε for each instantiation is drawn from a normal distribution such that var(Y) = var(Yg)/h2 for predefined h2. For each of the instantiations, i, this implicitly defines the true value , and is their mean. An example QQ plot for each line entry is shown in in S1 Appendix (p. S15).