CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been widely used and highly effective for B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Immune-mediated adverse effects such as cytokine release syndro
CD8+ T cells play an important role in fighting against tumors. However, CD8+ T cells often become functionally impaired or “exhausted” in the tumor microenvironment. T cell exhaustion is a major hurd
During persistent antigen stimulation, PD-1+CD8 T cells are maintained by progenitor exhausted PD-1+TCF-1+CD8 T cells (Tpex). Tpex respond to PD-1 blockade, and regulation of Tpex differentiation into
Expression of co-inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, on effector T cells is a key mechanism for ensuring immune homeostasis. Dysregulated co-inhibitory receptor expression on CD4+ T cells p
CD8+ T cell-mediated immune response plays a pivotal role in controlling tumor growth.However, within the tumor microenvironment (TME), prolonged antigen exposure, as well as immunosuppressive factors