Enterprise Survey 2010 - Jamaica

Abstract
---------------------------

This research was conducted in Jamaica between March and August 2011 as part of the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) Enterprise Survey 2010, an initiative of the World Bank. Data from 376 establishments was analyzed. Stratified random sampling was used to select the surveyed businesses.

The objective of the study is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through face-to-face interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Geographic coverage
---------------------------

National

Analysis unit
---------------------------

The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
---------------------------

The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.

Kind of data
---------------------------

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
---------------------------

The study was conducted using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in the sample: firm sector, firm size, and geographic region.

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into one manufacturing industry, one service industry -retail -, and one residual sector. The manufacturing industry, service industry, and residual sectors had a target each of 120 interviews.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

In Jamaica, interviews were conducted in two geographical locations: Kingston and the rest of the country.

The sample frame was drawn by the Jamaican National Statistics Authority.

The sample frame was then used for the selection of a sample with the aim of obtaining interviews with 360 establishments with five or more employees.

The quality of the frame was assessed at the outset of the project through visits to a random subset of firms and local contractor knowledge. The sample frame was not immune from the typical problems found in establishment surveys: positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. In addition, the sample frame contains no telephone/fax numbers so the local contractor had to screen the contacts by visiting them. Due to response rate and ineligibility issues, additional sample had to be extracted by the World Bank in order to obtain enough eligible contacts and meet the sample targets.

Given the impact that non-eligible units included in the sample universe may have on the results, adjustments may be needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of sampled establishments contacted for the survey was 1.6% (14 out of 876).

Mode of data collection
---------------------------

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
---------------------------

The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 52, 55, 60-64, 72];
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37];
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52];
- Screener Questionnaire.

The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
---------------------------

Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
---------------------------

The number of realized interviews per contacted establishment was 0.43. The estimate is based on the total number of firms contacted including ineligible establishments. This number is the result of two factors: explicit refusals to participate in the survey, as reflected by the rate of rejection (which includes rejections of the screener and the main survey) and the quality of the sample frame, as represented by the presence of ineligible units. The number of rejections per contact was 0.47.

Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in "Description of Jamaica ES 2010 Implementation" in external resources.

摘要
---------------------------
本项研究于2011年3月至8月在牙买加开展，作为世界银行发起的拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区（LAC）企业调查2010年项目的一部分。对376个机构的资料进行了分析。采用分层随机抽样方法选取受访企业。

研究目的在于收集客户国企业对私营部门状况的反馈，并有助于构建企业数据面板，以便能够追踪随着时间的推移商业环境的变化，从而允许进行例如改革影响评估等分析。通过面对面访谈制造业和服务业企业，调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义且可在国家间进行比较的商业环境指标。

标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资可及性、年度销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业与政府关系、创新与技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了国家商业环境的特征。其余问题则评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效障碍的看法。

地理覆盖范围
---------------------------
全国

分析单位
---------------------------
本研究的主要抽样单位为机构。机构是指进行商业活动、工业运营或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个机构组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能拥有多个灌装厂和多个分销机构。在本调查中，机构必须能够做出自己的财务决策，并拥有与公司分开的独立财务报表。机构还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。

总体
---------------------------
企业调查涵盖的总体，即全部人口，是非农业经济。它包括：根据ISIC修订版3.1分组分类的所有制造业部门（分组D）、建筑部门（分组F）、服务业部门（分组G和H）以及运输、仓储和通信部门（分组I）。请注意，此人口定义排除了以下部门：金融中介（分组J）、房地产和租赁活动（分组K，除子部门72，IT，该子部门已被纳入研究总体之外），以及所有公共或公用事业部门。

数据类型
---------------------------
样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
---------------------------
本研究采用分层随机抽样方法进行。在样本中使用了三个分层级别：企业部门、企业规模和地理区域。

行业分层设计如下：总体被分层为制造业、服务业（零售）和一个剩余部门。制造业、服务业和剩余部门各有120个访谈的目标。

规模分层根据企业调查的标准定义来定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的目的，员工数量根据报告的正式全职工人数量来定义。这似乎是对劳动力的一个适当定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外并不常见。

在牙买加，访谈在两个地理地点进行：金斯敦和该国其他地区。

样本框架由牙买加国家统计局绘制。

然后使用样本框架选择样本，目的是对拥有五名或更多员工的360个机构进行访谈。

在项目开始时，通过对随机子集企业的访问和当地承包商的知识评估了框架的质量。样本框架不可避免地存在机构调查中常见的典型问题：非合格单位的积极率、重复、不存在单位等。此外，样本框架不包含电话/传真号码，因此当地承包商必须通过访问来筛选联系。

由于响应率和非合格性问题，世界银行不得不提取额外的样本，以便获得足够的合格联系并达到样本目标。

鉴于样本总体中包含的非合格单位可能对结果产生的影响，在计算单个观察的适当权重时可能需要进行调整。确认的非合格单位占调查中联系到的样本机构总数的1.6%（876个中的14个）。

数据收集方式
---------------------------
面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
---------------------------
当前调查工具如下：
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 52, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 筛选问卷。

“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有两个其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以避免向特定类型的企业提出无关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了在各国提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含针对特定国家的问题。定制的例子包括在旅游业是现有或潜在经济增长部门的国家中询问与旅游业相关的问题。

标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资可及性、年度销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业与政府关系、创新与技术以及绩效指标。问卷还评估了调查受访者对企业增长和绩效障碍的看法。

数据清理操作
---------------------------
数据输入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常是10%、50%和100%）的形式交付给世界银行。这些数据交付将检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题由世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重访机构进行纠正。

响应率
---------------------------
每个联系到的机构的实际访谈次数为0.43。此估计基于包括不合格机构在内的总联系企业数量。这个数字是两个因素的结果：明确拒绝参与调查，如反映在拒绝率（包括筛选和主要调查的拒绝）中，以及样本框架的质量，如通过不合格单位的存在表示。

每个联系中的拒绝次数为0.47。

有关抽样方法、样本框架、权重、响应率和实施的完整信息，可在“牙买加ES 2010实施描述”的外部资源中找到。