青藏高原藏族人群线粒体基因组测序数据集（V1.0)（2018）

采用高通量二代测序的方法，对671个藏族样本进行线粒体全基因组测序。测序平均深度1000×，确保每个样本的线粒体基因组完全覆盖（覆盖度100%）。基于系统发育思想，我们对这些数据进行质量控制，确保没有样本污染等质量问题。结合已发表的欧亚大陆其他人群的测序数据，系统研究藏族人群的母系遗传结构及其形成机制。结果表明，藏族人群中有20.98%可追溯至5.2-4.0 ka，与粟黍农业扩散至青藏高原的时间吻合。进一步分析表明，这些组分很可能于10-7 ka前起源于中国北方，与粟黍农业的起源和强化一致。因此，这些组分很可能代表了伴随粟黍农业传播进入青藏高原的粟黍农业人群。通过估算，这些组分在5.2-4.0 ka占藏族人群的40-50%。说明粟黍农业人群得迁徙极大地促进了对藏族人群的遗传结构形成。

Using high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS), we performed complete mitochondrial genome sequencing on 671 Tibetan samples. The average sequencing depth reached 1000×, ensuring 100% full coverage of the mitochondrial genome for each sample. Based on the phylogenetic framework, we conducted quality control on these data to exclude issues such as sample contamination. Combined with published sequencing data of other Eurasian populations, we systematically investigated the matrilineal genetic structure of the Tibetan population and its underlying formation mechanism. The results showed that 20.98% of the Tibetan population can be traced back to 5.2–4.0 ka, which is consistent with the timeline of millet agriculture spreading to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Further analysis indicated that these genetic components most likely originated in northern China around 10–7 ka, aligning with the origin and intensification of millet agriculture. Therefore, these components likely represent millet agricultural populations that migrated to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau alongside the spread of millet agriculture. Our estimates suggest that these components accounted for 40–50% of the Tibetan population during 5.2–4.0 ka, demonstrating that the migration of millet agricultural populations greatly promoted the formation of the genetic structure of the Tibetan people.