Long-term evaluation of the association between dominance, bib size, sex and age

The association between dominance and phenotypic traits (‘badges of status’) has been recently questioned, since it has been found to show more variation across populations and time than expected. Using an eleven-year dataset, encompassing more than 1,800 individuals, we studied the association between the size of a melanin-based plumage trait (a black patch under the beak or ‘bib’), individual attributes (age and sex), and dominance. Our study model, the Sociable Weaver (Philetairus socius), is a small passerine that lives year-round in colonies of varying size. Bib sizes were obtained from pictures and automatically pre-processed with an object segmentation deep learning network. We recorded 36,346 dominance-related interactions to estimate dominance hierarchies. We then investigated the effect of sex and age on bib size, and the overall and between-year association of bib size and age with dominance for each sex. We found that bib size increased with age within individuals of both sexes. Age was a strong and consistent predictor of dominance in males, but not in females. Nevertheless, dominance was not correlated with bib size in males and in females. Finally, these relationships did not strongly vary between years. Our results suggest that males and females may use different factors to regulate dominance interactions. Furthermore, our longitudinal dataset allowed us to show that bib size is not a badge of status in our population, even though its growth encodes information on age. These results highlight the importance of considering multiple traits over time when studying the morphological signalling of dominance hierarchy.