Data_Sheet_1_Field ponding water exacerbates the dissemination of manure-derived antibiotic resistance genes from paddy soil to surrounding waterbodies.docx

Farmlands fertilized with livestock manure-derived amendments have become a hot topic in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Field ponding water connects rice paddies with surrounding water bodies, such as reservoirs, rivers, and lakes. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding whether and how manure-borne ARGs can be transferred from paddy soil into field ponding water. Our studies suggest that the manure-derived ARGs aadA1, bla1, catA1, cmlA1-01, cmx(A), ermB, mepA and tetPB-01 can easily be transferred into field ponding water from paddy soil. The bacterial phyla Crenarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria, Choloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria are potential hosts of ARGs. Opportunistic pathogens detected in both paddy soil and field ponding water showed robust correlations with ARGs. Network co-occurrence analysis showed that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were strongly correlated with ARGs. Our findings highlight that manure-borne ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in paddy fields can conveniently disseminate to the surrounding waterbodies through field ponding water, posing a threat to public health. This study provides a new perspective for comprehensively assessing the risk posed by ARGs in paddy ecosystems.

农田施用来自家畜粪便的改良剂已成为抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）传播的热点议题。田间池塘水将稻田与周围水体，如水库、河流和湖泊相连。然而，在理解粪便携带的ARGs是否以及如何从稻田土壤转移到田间池塘水中存在知识空白。我们的研究表明，来自粪便的ARGs aadA1、bla1、catA1、cmlA1-01、cmx(A)、ermB、mepA和tetPB-01可以轻易地从稻田土壤转移到田间池塘水中。古菌门Crenarchaeota、疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia、蓝细菌门Cyanobacteria、绿弯菌门Choloroflexi、酸杆菌门Acidobacteria、厚壁菌门Firmicutes、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes和放线菌门Actinobacteria是ARGs的潜在宿主。在稻田土壤和田间池塘水中检测到的机会性病原体与ARGs显示出显著的相关性。网络共现分析表明，移动遗传元件（MGEs）与ARGs具有强烈的关联性。我们的发现突显了粪便携带的ARGs和稻田中的抗生素耐药细菌可以通过田间池塘水方便地传播到周围水体，对公共卫生构成威胁。本研究为全面评估稻田生态系统中ARGs带来的风险提供了新的视角。