Biomass allocation and root topology alteration of an introduced amphibious plant in response to cultural eutrophication

We designed an outdoor mesocosm experiment to assess plant growth traits and root topological indices in response to different nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. The results indicated that the plant has a high tolerance to N loading.\Structural equation modeling (SEM) was chosen to handle multiple pathways and test the direct and indirect effects of variables simultaneously, providing a comprehensive view of system dynamics. SEM is better suited for examining complex causal relationships among multiple dependent and independent variables.