Recent advances in the application of Raman spectroscopy in heterogeneous catalysis

Raman spectroscopy has been widely applied in heterogeneous catalysis research in recent years due to its non-destructive nature, high spatial resolution, and compatibility with gas-solid and solid-liquid interfaces under both in situ and operando conditions. This review, based on the author’s research experience, systematically summarizes the recent advances in the application of Raman spectroscopy in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, especially thermal catalysis. Particular attention is given to its strengths in structural identification, defect analysis, surface adsorption, intermediate tracking, and dynamic process monitoring. The article begins with a brief overview of the fundamental principles of Raman scattering and the design of reaction cells, followed by detailed discussions on its applications in representative catalytic systems, including vanadium oxides, ceria, copper-exchanged zeolites, perovskite oxides, and carbon materials. The review further highlights the progress in high spatiotemporal resolution Raman techniques, modulated excitation strategies, and their roles in distinguishing active species from spectators. Moreover, the potential of advanced approaches such as resonance Raman, computational Raman, and machine learning in interpreting Raman spectra and elucidating catalytic mechanisms is discussed. Finally, the major current challenges in the field are analyzed, and future research prospects are proposed, aiming to provide insights for promoting the application of Raman spectroscopy in heterogeneous catalysis.