Characteristics1 of the participants from the ABC1936, LBC1921, NCDS and NSHD.

1Values are means (SD) or number (percentage). 2Verbal fluency was assessed using a single timed test of animal naming in NCDS and NSHD and using three timed tests of generation of words beginning with C, F and L in LBC192121, hence the higher scores in the latter cohort. 3The two cohorts that used the word recall test employed different protocols and scoring, hence the variation in mean scores. 4For ABC1936, information on cardiovascular disease at the time of cognitive testing was restricted to heart disease.