Parameters of the feedforward network.

In sensory systems, stimuli are represented through the diverse firing responses and receptive fields of neurons. These features emerge from the interaction between excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neuron populations within the network. Changes in sensory inputs alter this balance, leading to shifts in firing patterns and the input-output properties of individual neurons and the network. Although these phenomena have been extensively investigated experimentally and theoretically, the principles governing how E and I inputs are integrated remain unclear. Here, probabilistic rules are derived to describe how neurons in feedforward inhibitory circuits combine these inputs to generate stimulus-evoked responses. This simple model is broadly applicable, capturing a wide range of response features that would otherwise require multiple separate models, and offers insights into the cellular and network mechanisms influencing the input-output properties of neurons, gain modulation, and the emergence of diverse temporal firing patterns.