Co-occurrence of the kdr mutations in the HAmCq groups with difference levels of tolerance to permethrin.

*Group 1 were mosquitoes with tolerance to the permethrin concentration 10 (i.e., HAmCqG0-10, and HAmCqG8-10); group 2 were the mosquitoes with the tolerance to permethrin between LC10 - LC50 concentrations (i.e., HAmCqG0-LC10–50, and HAmCqG8-LC10–50); group 3 were the mosquitoes with the tolerance to permethrin between LC50 - LC90 concentrations (i.e., HAmCqG0-LC50–90, and HAmCqG8-LC50–90); and group 4 were the mosquitoes with the tolerance to the permethrin concentration >LC90 (i.e., HAmCqG0->LC90, and HAmCqG8->LC90) (Table 1).†N: The numeral indicating each different combination of the mutations, which was designed by weighing the numbers of the homozygous susceptible alleles, heterozygous, and homozygous polymorphic alleles in the combination, i.e., the numeral was increased when the heterozygous and homozygous polymorphic alleles increased.‡F: the frequency (%) of each of the mutation combinations occurred in each group. The total of 40 individuals (two replicates for each of 20 4th instar larvae) with all ten mutations in their sodium channel cDNAs was analyzed.