Utah State University Drainage Farm Snow Measurements

An experiment to measure snow energy balance and sublimation from snow in the winter of 1992 - 1993 was conducted at the USU drainage and evapotranspiration experimental farm located in Cache Valley near Logan, Utah, USA (41.6˚ N, 111.6˚ W, 1350 m elevation). The weather station and instrumentation were in a small fenced enclosure at the center of a large open field. There are no obstructions to wind in any direction for at least 500 m. Cache Valley is a flat bottomed valley surrounded by mountains that reach elevations of 3000 m. During the period of this experiment the ground was snow covered from November 20, 1992 to March 22, 1993. Air temperatures ranged from -23 ˚C to 16 ˚C and there was 190 mm of precipitation (mostly snow, but some rain). The snow accumulated to a maximum depth of 0.5 m with maximum water equivalence of 0.14 m. Data collected included measurements of snow water equivalent, snow surface temperature and the meteorological variables necessary to drive the UEB snowmelt model. Temperatures within the snow were measured using a ladder of thermocouples suspended on fishing line strung between two upright posts at 75 mm spacing. The instrumentation also included two weighing lysimeters comprising 1 x 1 x 1 m metal boxes embedded flush with the surface and filled with soil, vegetated with grass similar to the surrounding agricultural field. Load cells (underneath in the case of one lysimeter and at the corners for the other) record the weight of soil, grass, soil moisture and snow over the 1 m2 areas. Meltwater infiltrates into the lysimeter and so does not result in a weight change. Changes in weight are due only to addition or removal of mass from the surface, which in the case of snow can be due to precipitation, condensation, sublimation and wind drifting.

This work has been described in

You, J., Tarboton, D. G., and Luce, C. H.: Modeling the snow surface temperature with a one-layer energy balance snowmelt model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5061–5076, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5061-2014, 2014.

Luce, C. H. and D. G. Tarboton, (2010), "Evaluation of alternative formulae for calculation of surface temperature in snowmelt models using frequency analysis of temperature observations," Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14(3): 535-543, http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/535/2010/.

You, J., (2004), "Snow Hydrology: The Parameterization of Subgrid Processes within a Physically Based Snow Energy and Mass Balance Model," PhD Thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, https://hydrology.usu.edu/dtarb/yjs_dissertation.pdf.

Luce, C. H., (2000), "Scale Influences on the Representation of Snowpack Processes," PhD Thesis, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, https://hydrology.usu.edu/dtarb/luce_dissertation.pdf, 188 pp.

Among others

一项旨在衡量1992-1993年冬季积雪能量平衡与升华的实验于美国犹他州洛根附近的凯斯谷流域和蒸散实验农场进行（北纬41.6°，西经111.6°，海拔1350米）。气象站和仪器设备位于一片开阔田野的中央一个小型围栏内。各方向至少500米范围内无任何障碍物。凯斯谷为四周群山环绕的平坦谷底，山脉海拔最高达3000米。在此实验期间，自1992年11月20日至1993年3月22日，地面被积雪覆盖。气温介于-23°C至16°C之间，降水量达190毫米（主要为雪，部分为雨）。积雪最大厚度为0.5米，最大含水量相当于0.14米。收集的数据包括积雪含水量、积雪表面温度以及驱动UEB积雪融化模型的必要气象变量测量。积雪内部温度通过悬挂于两根垂直柱子之间钓鱼线上的热电偶梯子进行测量，柱子之间的距离为75毫米。仪器还包括两个重量型蒸散器，由1x1x1米的金属箱组成，箱体嵌入地表并与周围农业田地相似的草地植被相填充。负荷传感器（一个位于蒸散器的下方，另一个位于角落）记录土壤、草地、土壤水分和积雪在1平方米面积上的重量。融水渗透进蒸散器，因此不会引起重量变化。重量的变化仅由表面质量的增加或减少所致，在积雪的情况下，这可能是由降水、凝结、升华和风力吹拂造成的。

本研究已在以下文献中描述：

You, J., Tarboton, D. G., and Luce, C. H.: 基于一层能量平衡积雪融化模型模拟积雪表面温度，水文学与地球系统科学，第18卷，5061–5076页，https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5061-2014，2014。

Luce, C. H. and D. G. Tarboton, (2010), “使用温度观测频率分析评估积雪融化模型中表面温度计算公式的可行性，”水文学与地球系统科学，第14卷第3期：535-543页，http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/535/2010/。

You, J., (2004)，“雪水文学：基于物理的积雪能量和质量平衡模型中子网格过程的参数化，”博士论文，土木与环境工程，犹他州立大学，https://hydrology.usu.edu/dtarb/yjs_dissertation.pdf。

Luce, C. H.，(2000)，“尺度对积雪过程表征的影响，”博士论文，土木与环境工程，犹他州立大学，https://hydrology.usu.edu/dtarb/luce_dissertation.pdf，188页。

以及其他文献。