Comprehensive Metabolite Characterization of Beejamrit Using GC–MS and LC–MS

Indian natural farming practices which are mainly based on various bioformulations emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional farming. Beejamrit is one such cow-based biostimulant which is used as a seed treatment to enhance seed germination, seed vigor, and resistance to pathogens. In this study untargeted metabolomics (GC-MS and LC-MS) were employed to comprehensively characterize the metabolic profiles of beejamrit samples. GC-MS analysis identified organoheterocyclic compounds (23%) as a most abundant metabolite class followed by organic acids and derivatives (18%) and benzenoids (15%). In LC-MS analysis, lipids and lipid-like molecules (26%) were highly abundant followed by organoheterocylclics (18%), and organic acids compounds (18%). Furthermore, GC-MS and LC-MS analysis identified a wide range of metabolites, including amino acids, organic acids, phenolics, and fatty acids, many of which are associated with antioxidants, antimicrobial, signaling and plant growth promoting functions.