FREE ECONOMIC ZONES: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI-LAYERED ECONOMIC MECHANISMS, INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION

This article presents a comprehensive assessment of the transformational role of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in the contemporary economic landscape and scientifically substantiates their interconnection with the digital economy, scientific-innovation systems, and cross-border cooperation. FEZs are conceptualized as strategic institutions that accelerate economic growth through integration into global value chains, the creation of regional economic synergy, and the adoption of advanced technologies. The research analyzes next-generation governance models, including adaptive regulation, digital-cluster architectures, smart-logistics systems, and technology transfer mechanisms. Additionally, the investment attractiveness of special zones, the potential of human capital, and the degree of integration with innovation ecosystems are evaluated as crucial determinants of national economic resilience. The findings demonstrate that FEZs function not merely as platforms providing fiscal incentives, but as multi-layered mechanisms for economic modernization, digital transformation, and regional development.