Human olfactory perception embeds fine temporal resolution within a single sniff

A sniff in humans typically lasts 1-3 seconds and is commonly considered to produce a long-exposure shot of the chemical environment that sets the temporal limit of olfactory perception. To break this limit, we devised a sniff-triggered apparatus that controls odorant deliveries within a sniff with a precision of 18 milliseconds. Using this apparatus, we show through rigorous psychophysical testing of 229 participants (649 sessions) that two odorants presented in one order and its reverse become perceptually discriminable when the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is merely 60 milliseconds (Cohen’s d = 0.48, 95% CI [55, 59], 120 milliseconds difference). Discrimination performance improves with the length of SOA and is independent of explicit knowledge of the temporal order of odorants or the relative amount of odorant molecules accumulated in a sniff. Our findings demonstrate that human olfactory perception is sensitive to chemical dynamics within a single sniff and provide behavioral evidence for a temporal code of odor identity.