Government effectiveness, eco-efficiency and environmental sustainability in Africa: A panel cross-sectional dependency and Granger non-causality approach.

We employ a balanced panel dataset for 39 African countries spanning 1990 to 2021. The selected countries accounted for 69.6% of the African countries, which suffices for concluding the entire continent. The dependent variable is ecological footprint (EF), which measures the demand human consumption places on the biosphere. The variable EF was sourced from the Global Footprint Network and measured per capita in final consumption. The explanatory variables include ecological footprint intensity (EFI), economic complexity (ECI), energy consumption (EU), urbanisation (URB) and government effectiveness (GEF). The data series for each variable was retrieved from various databases such as the Global Footprint Network, Atlas of Economic Complexity, Our World in Data and World Governance Indicator.

本研究采用涵盖1990年至2021年间的39个非洲国家的平衡面板数据集。所选国家占非洲国家总数的69.6%，足以代表整个大陆。因变量为生态足迹（EF），该指标衡量人类消费对生物圈的需求。变量EF的数据来源于全球足迹网络，并以人均最终消费的方式进行衡量。自变量包括生态足迹强度（EFI）、经济复杂性（ECI）、能源消耗（EU）、城市化（URB）和政府效能（GEF）。每个变量的数据系列均从全球足迹网络、经济复杂性图鉴、我们的数据世界和世界治理指标等多个数据库中获取。