Convergent Insulin and TGF-β signalling drives cancer cachexia

In this study, we found that in the adipose tissue of wildtype animals, insulin and TGF-β signalling converge via a BMP antagonist short gastrulation (sog) to regulate ECM remodelling. In tumour bearing animals, Sog also modulates TGF-β signalling to regulate ECM accumulation in the fat body. TGF-β signalling causes ECM retention in the fat body and subsequently depletes muscles of fat body-derived ECM proteins. Activation of insulin signalling, inhibition of TGF-β signalling, or modulation of ECM levels via SPARC, Rab10 or Collagen IV in the fat body, is able to rescue tissue wasting in the presence of tumour. Together, our study highlights the importance of adipose ECM remodelling in the context of cancer cachexia.