Distributed predictive QoS in presence of network- and mobility-related drifts

The datasets represent a dynamic environment, where several client-vehicles are moving in an urban area. Each client runs a streaming cloud service constantly receiving data packets. Network simulation is performed using Simu5G, a library that emulates a 5G cellular environment in OMNeT++. The simulator's radio parameters are set according to the Macro-cell model proposed by International Telecommunication Union. The map comprises of an urban 600x600 square meters area located in a suburb of a European capital. Inside this area four 5G base-stations (gNodeBs) have been installed by the national network operator, enabling four 5G cells. This area, divided into several blocks by the actual road network is integrated in our simulation by an OpenStreetMap (OSM) instance. The total number of included vehicles is set to 25, according to vehicle density statistics in the corresponding country. The road network's traffic is simulated by SUMO that creates a digitized version of the (real-world) OSM map and produces the route files for the vehicles. Route files are loaded in the Simu5G simulator, where a network-vehicular mobility co-simulation takes place. For each vehicle's route we assume SUMO's default parameters for urban environment: exponential speed model (with maximum speed restriction as defined by the OSM traffic rules) and the probability matrix at intersections for {lane keeping, turn left and right} as {0.5, 0.25 and 0.25}, respectively. The following information is collected for each vehicle using OMNeT++'s monitoring service: timestamp, channel quality indicator, packet delay, measured signal to noise ratio (SNR), client position (x,y,z), client velocity (x,y,z), received SNR, radio link control throughput, serving cell, client throughput. These features are sampled at 1 Hz and comprise the values of our synthetic time-series QoS dataset. We have created two drift datasets that correspond to complementary cases of major long-term changes in the considered environment: 1) a network infrastructure-driven scenario (Sc1) and 2) a human behavior-driven scenario (Sc2). In Sc1 we assume that two out of four gNodeBs are switched off under a cost-reduction on/off policy or an infrastructure-share strategy (adopted by MNOs) that would imply such changes. For Sc2 we modify the users' mobility pattern; we assume that a "hotspot" e.g., a metro station is created in the lower-right edge of the map resulting in a traffic increase to that area. This is achieved by increasing the probabilities of the routes leading to the "hotspot" in SUMO's route planning. All generated datasets have a total duration of 20 hrs (simulation time) and the respective drift event is introduced at t=10 hrs.