SINE RNAs activate the NF-κB pathway.

(A) Schematic of the experimental design. B1 and B2 SINE expression constructs were co-transfected with reporter plasmids containing various promoter elements cloned upstream of the luciferase gene. (B) The indicated plasmids were co-transfected in to NIH3T3 cells and 48 h later luciferase levels were determined. (C) NIH3T3 cells were transfected with B1 or B2 expression constructs, or a control construct. 48 h later protein extracts were analyzed by western blot analysis. (D) The indicated plasmids were co-transfected in to NIH3T3 cells and 48 h later luciferase levels were determined.