Multi-Source Air Quality Dataset for Spain: Integrated Air Quality, Meteorological, Mobility and Holiday Data (2022–2024)

This dataset integrates four open data sources into a unified hourly table covering the Spanish national air quality monitoring network over the period 2022 to 2024. The four sources are: hourly air quality observations from the 588 stations of the MITECO network (NO₂, NOₓ, O₃, SO₂ and PM₁₀); daily meteorological records from the AEMET climatological station network; daily mobility indicators derived from anonymised mobile telephony records published by the Spanish Ministry of Transport (MITMA) at the municipality level; and national and regional public holiday calendars for all Autonomous Communities. The integration pipeline harmonises sources that differ in temporal resolution, spatial codification and data quality into a single tidy table indexed by station and hour. Meteorological and mobility records, originally at daily resolution, are aligned to the hourly air quality grid using a one-day lag to preserve operational forecasting validity. Air quality stations are matched to their nearest AEMET meteorological station via a distance-based spatial association procedure. The dataset contains approximately 14 million hourly records across 588 stations, with a fixed feature schema of 54 variables per record. The total size is approximately 3 GB in Parquet format with Snappy compression. The dataset is intended for researchers working on air quality forecasting, environmental monitoring, and multi-source data fusion at nationwide scale. It provides a ready-to-use substrate for machine learning and deep learning experiments without requiring users to replicate the acquisition and harmonisation steps for each of the four source agencies.