Echolocation detections and digital video surveys provide reliable estimates of the relative density of harbour porpoises

1. Robust estimates of the density or abundance of cetaceans are required to support a wide range of ecological studies and inform management decisions. Considerable effort has been put into the development of line-transect sampling techniques to obtain estimates of absolute density from aerial and boat-based visual surveys. Surveys of cetaceans using acoustic loggers or digital cameras provide alternative methods to estimate relative density that have the potential to reduce cost and provide a verifiable record of all detections. However the ability of these methods to provide reliable estimates of relative density has yet to be established. 2. These methodologies were compared by conducting aerial visual line-transect surveys (n=10 days) and digital video strip-transect surveys (n=4 days) in the Moray Firth, Scotland. Simultaneous acoustic data were collected from moored echolocation detectors (C-PODs) at 58 locations across the study site. Density surface modelling (DSM) of visual su...