Ablation study through intra-dataset testing.

Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) is a noncontact camera-based optical technique which analyses skin-color variations due blood volume changes beneath the skin and estimates vital signs such as heart rate (HR). Driven by the increasing demand for long-term unobtrusive vital sign monitoring systems, rPPG has grown significant interest in clinical and nonclinical domains. However, conventional rPPG methods are often limited by following challenges such as motion artifacts (MA), ambient light intensity and weak signal quality. Moreover, their overall accuracy is significantly impacted by demographic and skin-tone variations. To address these limitations, an advanced signal-processing framework integrating discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for denoising and signal-to-noise-ratio enhancement with residual-based adaptive Kalman filtering (RAKF) for frame-wise temporal consistency and MA reduction is proposed (DWT-RAKF). Further, a multi-channel fusion strategy is integrated with dual-stage band-pass filtering technique to isolate the HR signal while effectively discarding unrelated signal components. Our proposed framework is evaluated on both public and custom datasets. Regarding the PURE dataset, the proposed framework obtained a mean absolute error (MAE) and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.72 and 1.14 bpm respectively, outperforming several conventional state-of-the-art methods. To further evaluate its real-world performance, intra-dataset testing is implemented using custom dataset comprising subjects with varying skin-tones and under natural lighting conditions. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm obtained the lowest MAEs of 0.94 and 1.11 bpm for fair-skinned and dark-brown subjects respectively, indicating that the integration of the proposed signal filtering strategy with rPPG achieved effective real-time HR measurement.