Target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling

TOR signaling is responsible for a cellular reaction towards nutrient and energy availability and hypoxia/stress. The mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is the central regulator that consists in two different complexes: a rapamycin-sensitive complex (mTORC1) consisting of mTOR, Raptor and GbetaL that regulates mRNA translation, ribosome biogenesis and autophagy and a second rapamycin-insensitive complex (mTORC2) consisting of mTOR, Rictor GbetaL, Sin1 and Protor 1/2 that regulates survival and a cytoskeletal response. TOR signaling is highly integrated in other signaling pathways that respond to external conditions, such as the insulin-signaling cascade and AMPK signaling.

TOR信号传导负责细胞对营养和能量可用性以及缺氧/应激的反应。哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点（mTOR），一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶，是中央调控因子，由两个不同的复合物组成：一个对雷帕霉素敏感的复合物（mTORC1），由mTOR、Raptor和GbetaL组成，调控mRNA翻译、核糖体生物合成和自噬；另一个对雷帕霉素不敏感的复合物（mTORC2），由mTOR、Rictor、GbetaL、Sin1和Protor 1/2组成，调控存活和细胞骨架反应。TOR信号传导高度整合在其他响应外部条件的信号通路中，例如胰岛素信号级联和AMPK信号传导。