Labor Market Panel Survey, ELMPS 2023 - Egypt, Arab Rep.

Abstract
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The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) has been carried out in 1998, 2006, 2012, and 2018 by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) in cooperation with Egypt's Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Tracking a panel of households and individuals over 25 years, the data have become the workhorse of research on labor markets, human development, migration, family formation, and social protection in Egypt. In 2023, a tripartite memorandum of understanding was signed by the Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, CAPMAS and ERF to conduct the fifth (2023) round of the ELMPS.

This fifth wave of the ELMPs leverages the ELMPS panel to examine how Egypt's labor market has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent developments in the Egyptian economy. The questionnaire builds on the questionnaires used in previous waves, which will facilitate data comparability. The ELMPS series covers topics such as parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women's decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. The recent ELMPSs also provide information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure, the cost of housing, and specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs. A full time use diary for adolescents and adults aged ten and older is included in the time use module starting in 2023, in addition to a shorter summary version for children aged 6 to 9.

In addition to the survey's panel design, which permits the study of various phenomena over time, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and universities attended at various stages of an individual's trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.

Specific questions on the impact of COVID-19 and pressing issues in Egypt's labor market have been added for 2023, as well as questions on the green economy, the digital/gig economy, and skills, which have important labor market and policy implications for Egypt.

The ELMPS 2023 captured 70,636 individuals and 17,784 households. Of these, 50,268 individuals and 13,565 households were tracked from 2018 to 2023.

The series of Labor Market Panel survey (LMPS) also includes two waves in Jordan (JLMPS 2010 and 2016), one wave in Tunisia (TLMPS 2014) and one wave in Sudan (SLMPS 2022).
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For more information on the ELMPS series, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper No. 1748.
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/
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"We acknowledge the financial support of the International Labour Organization through the Government of the Netherlands and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Practice supported by the UK-funded Strategic Partnership for Egypt’s Inclusive Growth trust fund (SPEIG TF), and World Bank MENA Chief Economist office, Agence Française de Développement, Ministry of Planning, Economic Development and International Cooperation, Egypt, and UNICEF for the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2023."

Geographic coverage
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<td>Regions:

<tr><td>Greater Cairo
<tr><td>Alexandria and Suez Canal
<tr><td>Urban Lower Egypt
<tr><td>Urban Upper Egypt
<tr><td>Rural Lower Egypt
<tr><td>Rural Upper Egypt

Analysis unit
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1- Households.
2- Individuals.
3- Enterprises.

Universe
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The survey covered a national sample of households and all households members aged 6 and above. In addition to Enterprises operated by the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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As a longitudinal survey, the ELMPS attempts to track households included in the previous waves and interview all their remaining and new members. The survey also tries to locate any individuals who may have split from these households between waves, and attempts to interview them, as well as any other individuals found in the households they formed or joined.

There were 15,746 households fielded in 2018. Of those, 13,565 (86.1%) were successfully re-contacted in 2023. These located households may have moved or had a different composition from 2018 to 2023, but the household and at least one member from 2018 was reached in 2023. Inasmuch as possible, when a household was not present in their 2018 location, information was gathered from neighbors and their 2018 phone number was used in an attempt to contact and locate them.

In some cases, we know the entire household left the country or sample frame (e.g., moved to collective housing, such as a dormitory or prison, or the Frontier governorates). This occurred for 171 households in 2023 (1.1% of the 2018 sample). Likewise, for 139 households, the entire household was known to be deceased (0.9% of the 2018 sample).

Leaving the sample frame and all members dying are considered "natural attrition" - these panel individuals would not have been in the sample frame in 2023 if creating a new random sample. These naturally attrited households are excluded from our calculations of the attrition rate and attrition models. Type I attrition includes households that were unreachable or unable to be completed (1,475 of the 2018 households, 9.4% of all households) or refused (396 households, 2.5% of all households). The type I attrition rate is thus 12.1%.

Of the 61,231 individuals in 2018, 54,252 of them were, in 2018, members of households that were then found in 2023. The vast majority (47,782, 88.1%) of these individuals were still in their original households. Among the 6,470 individuals no longer in their households, 2,277 (4.2% of the original sample) were lost due to natural attrition. Among those, 1,523 (2.8%) died, 706 (1.3%) emigrated or left the sample frame geographically, and 48 (0.1%) moved to collective housing.

Among the 4,193 individuals (7.7% of the individuals whose households were found) who formed or moved to new households within the sample frame, 3,682 households were formed. A split household thus had an average of 1.14 individuals from 2018 (plus any new members). Because our sampling frame is based on households, we track these split households and attempt to contact them in their new locations, based on the information provided by their 2018 household members still in their original household during 2023 fielding. Of the 3,682 split households, we reached 2,171, but 1,501 attrited. This pattern yields a Type II attrition rate of 40.8%.

In every wave of the survey, a refresher sample of 2,000-3,000 households is added to maintain the representativeness of the overall sample and to allow for a more in-depth examination of phenomena of interest.

The ELMPS 2023 added a nationally representative refresher sample, as with all previous waves. The refresher sample is a stratified cluster sample. The refresher sample was executed as planned over 200 primary sampling units (PSUs) stratified by governorate and urban/rural. Although Egypt is majority rural, ELMPS 2023 over-sampled urban areas to ensure an adequate sample size in these more economically diverse labor markets. Thus, 120 urban PSUs and 80 rural PSUs were sampled. Within each location/governorate strata after assigning the number of PSUs, PSUs were selected randomly probability proportional to size. The realized refresher sample was 2,036 households.

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For more details on the sample of the ELMPS 2023, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper No. 1748.
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/
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Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for the 2023 wave of the ELMPS builds on the questionnaires used in previous waves, which were described in Assaad and Krafft (2013) and Krafft, Assaad, and Rahman (2021).
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For more details, see
https://erf.org.eg/publications/egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-introducing-2012-round/
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/izajodm-2021-0012
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The 2023 wave has two primary questionnaires, a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The modules in these two questionnaires are;

A) The household questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Tracking Splits, Individual Roster; Housing Information; Current Migrants; Transfers from Individuals; Other Sources of Income; Shocks and Coping; Household Non-Farm Activities; Agriculture Assets: Lands; Agriculture Assets: Livestock/Poultry; Agriculture Assets: Equipment; Agricultural Crops and Other Agricultural Income.

B) The individual questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Residential Mobility; Father's Characteristics; Mother's Characteristics; Siblings; Health; Education; Past Seven Days Subsistence & Domestic Work; Employment in the Past Seven Days; Unemployment; Employment in the Past Three Months; Characteristics of Main Job; Secondary Job; Labor Market History; Marriage; Fertility; Female Employment; Earnings; Earnings in Secondary Job; Return Migration; Information Technology; Savings & Borrowing and Attitudes.

Some entirely new modules were added in 2023, and some modules were substantially augmented. Three entirely new modules were added to the individual questionnaire, including a module on skills and a module on time use, both of which we will be describe further below. In the individual questionnaire, the “training” module was added with questions on specific training experiences (including internships and apprenticeships, along with online skill acquisition).
The “job characteristics” module was augmented with additional questions on the skill requirements of the current job, ones that attempt to detect green jobs, assess job changes since the COVID-19 pandemic, detect interest in job changes, and measure preferences regarding remote work.
The “information technology” (IT) module was updated to include the use of new forms of digital payments and mobile money as well as time spent on different IT purposes in past 24 hours. The “attitudes” module was augmented with questions about life satisfaction and future expectations for such, as well as questions about migration intentions, risk taking, patience, and feelings of safety.
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For more details on the changes in the questionnaires in ELMPS 2023, see:
Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel survey 2023. ERF Working Paper (forthcoming).
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摘要
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埃及劳动力市场面板调查（ELMPS）由经济研究论坛（ERF）与埃及中央动员和统计局（CAPMAS）合作，于1998年、2006年、2012年和2018年进行。该调查追踪了超过25年的家庭和个人面板，已成为研究埃及劳动力市场、人类发展、移民、家庭形成和社会保护等领域的核心数据来源。2023年，计划与经济部、CAPMAS和ERF签署了一份三方谅解备忘录，以开展第五轮（2023年）ELMPS调查。

第五轮ELMPS利用ELMPS面板研究埃及劳动力市场如何受到COVID-19大流行及其后埃及经济形势的影响。问卷基于之前各轮使用的问卷，将便于数据的可比性。ELMPS系列涵盖了诸如父母背景、教育、住房、服务获取、居住流动性、移民和汇款、时间利用、婚姻模式和成本、生育、女性决策力和赋权、就业动态、储蓄和借贷行为、家庭企业和农场的运营等主题，除了典型的劳动力市场调查中关注的就业、失业和收入外。最近的ELMPS还提供了关于健康、性别角色态度、粮食安全、有害工作、社区基础设施、住房成本以及关于脆弱性、应对策略和社会安全网项目获取的特定问题的信息。从2023年开始，时间利用模块包括青少年和10岁及以上成年人的全天候使用日记，以及针对6至9岁儿童的简短总结版。

除了调查的纵向设计，允许研究随时间推移的各种现象外，调查还包含大量关于教育、居住流动性、工作、婚姻和生育等重大生活事件发生时间的回顾性问题。调查提供了关于出生地和随后的居住地以及个人在其人生轨迹各个阶段所就读的学校和大学的详细信息，这允许将个人记录与来自其他数据源关于个人生活所在地理背景及其所就读的教育机构的信息联系起来。

2023年，ELMPS捕捉了70,636名个体和17,784个家庭。其中，从2018年到2023年，有50,268名个体和13,565个家庭被追踪。劳动力市场面板调查（LMPS）系列还包括约旦的两轮调查（JLMPS 2010和2016）、突尼斯的一轮调查（TLMPS 2014）和苏丹的一轮调查（SLMPS 2022）。

有关ELMPS系列更多信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文No. 1748。
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/

对于2023年ELMPS系列的资金支持，我们感谢国际劳工组织通过荷兰政府和瑞典国际发展合作署的资助，世界银行贫困与公平全球实践（由英国资助的埃及包容性增长战略伙伴关系信托基金SPEIG TF支持），世界银行中东和北非首席经济学家办公室，法国发展署，埃及计划、经济发展和国际合作部以及联合国儿童基金会。
地理覆盖范围
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区域：

<tr><td>开罗大区
<tr><td>亚历山大和苏伊士运河区
<tr><td>上埃及城市
<tr><td>下埃及城市
<tr><td>下埃及农村
<tr><td>上埃及农村
分析单位
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1- 家庭。
2- 个人。
3- 企业。
总体
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调查涵盖了全国范围内的家庭及其6岁及以上所有家庭成员，以及家庭经营的企业。
数据类型
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样本调查数据[sd]
抽样程序
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作为一项纵向调查，ELMPS试图追踪之前各波次中包含的家庭，并访谈所有剩余的新成员。调查还试图定位任何可能在波次之间从这些家庭中分离出来的人，并尝试访谈他们，以及任何在其他家庭中形成或加入的家庭中的其他个人。

2018年进行了15,746个家庭的实地调查。其中，13,565个（86.1%）在2023年成功重新联系。这些定位的家庭可能从2018年到2023年已经搬迁或组成不同的结构，但在2023年，至少有一个2018年的家庭成员被联系到。

尽可能多的情况下，当家庭不在其2018年的位置时，会从邻居那里收集信息，并尝试使用他们的2018年电话号码联系和定位他们。

在某些情况下，我们知道整个家庭已经离开国家或样本框架（例如，搬到集体住所，如宿舍或监狱，或边境省）。2023年发生这种情况的家庭有171个（2018年样本的1.1%）。同样，对于139个家庭，整个家庭已知已故（2018年样本的0.9%）。

离开样本框架和所有家庭成员死亡被视为“自然衰减”- 如果创建一个新的随机样本，这些面板个体在2023年将不会在样本框架中。这些自然衰减的家庭被排除在我们的衰减率计算和衰减模型之外。I型衰减包括无法联系或无法完成（2018年家庭中的1,475个，所有家庭的9.4%）或拒绝（396个家庭，2.5%）的家庭。因此，I型衰减率为12.1%。

在2018年的61,231名个人中，54,252名在2018年是当时在2023年被发现的家庭的成员。其中绝大多数（47,782，88.1%）这些个人仍然在他们的原始家庭中。在6,470名不再在家庭中的个人中，2,277人（原始样本的4.2%）由于自然衰减而丢失。在这些中，1,523人（2.8%）死亡，706人（1.3%）移民或离开样本框架地理上，48人（0.1%）搬到集体住所。

在4,193名（在样本框架中被发现的家庭的7.7%）在样本框架内形成或移动到新家庭的人中，3,682个家庭形成。因此，分裂的家庭平均有1.14个2018年的人（加上任何新成员）。由于我们的抽样框架基于家庭，我们追踪这些分裂的家庭，并根据他们在2023年实地调查期间在原始家庭中仍留下的家庭成员提供的信息，尝试在他们的新位置联系他们。在3,682个分裂的家庭中，我们联系了2,171个，但1,501个衰减。这种模式产生了一个II型衰减率为40.8%。

在调查的每一轮中，都会添加2,000-3,000个家庭的刷新样本，以保持整个样本的代表性，并允许更深入地研究感兴趣的现象。

ELMPS 2023添加了一个全国代表性的刷新样本，这与所有之前的轮次一样。刷新样本是一个分层聚类样本。刷新样本在200个一级抽样单元（PSU）上按省份和城乡进行分层。尽管埃及主要是农村地区，但ELMPS 2023对城市地区进行了过度抽样，以确保在这些更具经济多样性的劳动力市场中有一个足够的样本量。因此，采样了120个城市PSU和80个农村PSU。在每个地点/省份层中分配PSU数量后，PSU是按照规模成比例的概率随机选择的。实际刷新样本为2,036个家庭。

有关ELMPS 2023样本的更多详细信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文No. 1748。
https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2023/

数据收集方式
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面对面[f2f]
研究工具
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2023年ELMPS波的问卷基于之前各波次使用的问卷，这些问卷在Assaad and Krafft (2013)和Krafft, Assaad, and Rahman (2021)中进行了描述。

对于2023年问卷中问卷变化的更多详细信息，请参阅：Assaad, R. and C. Krafft. 2024. 介绍2023年埃及劳动力市场面板调查。ERF工作论文（待发表）。