Practical and cost-effective structural health monitoring (SHM) framework enhanced by digital twins (DT) technology for civil infrastructure

This study aims to establish a practical and cost-effective SHM framework enhanced by DT technology for civil infrastructure. The primary objectives include demonstrating that affordable contact and non‑contact sensors can provide precise and reliable results for DT‑enhanced SHM frameworks, proving that cost‑effective microcomputing hardware with IoT capability can enable efficient, near real‑time data transmission from physical structures to digital models, and developing a practical, comparatively simple numerical DT model to simulate the mechanical behaviour of reinforced concrete structures.