NOTCH2 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus
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Similar to NOTCH1, NOTCH2 is activated by Delta-like and Jagged ligands (DLL/JAG) expressed in trans on a neighboring cell (Shimizu et al. 1999, Shimizu et al. 2000, Hicks et al. 2000, Ji et al. 2004). The activation triggers cleavage of NOTCH2, first by ADAM10 at the S2 cleavage site (Gibb et al. 2010, Shimizu et al. 2000), then by gamma-secretase at the S3 cleavage site (Saxena et al. 2001, De Strooper et al. 1999), resulting in the release of the intracellular domain of NOTCH2, NICD2, into the cytosol. NICD2 subsequently traffics to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription regulator. <br><br>While DLL and JAG ligands are well established, canonical NOTCH2 ligands, there is limited evidence that NOTCH2, similar to NOTCH1, can be activated by CNTN1 (contactin 1), a protein involved in oligodendrocyte maturation (Hu et al. 2003). MDK (midkine), which plays an important role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition, can also activate NOTCH2 signaling and is able to bind to the extracellular domain of NOTCH2, but the exact mechanism of MDK-induced NOTCH2 activation has not been elucidated (Huang et al. 2008, Gungor et al. 2011).
与NOTCH1类似,NOTCH2亦受Delta样和Jagged配体(DLL/JAG)的激活,该配体由相邻细胞在转位表达(Shimizu 等人,1999年,Shimizu 等人,2000年,Hicks 等人,2000年,Ji 等人,2004年)。这种激活作用首先通过ADAM10在S2切割位点进行NOTCH2的切割(Gibb 等人,2010年,Shimizu 等人,2000年),随后由γ-分泌酶在S3切割位点进行切割(Saxena 等人,2001年,De Strooper 等人,1999年),从而释放NOTCH2的细胞内域NICD2至细胞质中。NICD2随后运输至细胞核,并在其中充当转录调控因子。尽管DLL和JAG配体已被广泛认可为经典的NOTCH2配体,但关于NOTCH2,如同NOTCH1,可被CNTN1(接触蛋白1)激活的有限证据表明,CNTN1是一种参与少突胶质细胞成熟的蛋白质(Hu 等人,2003年)。MDK(中激肽),在上皮至间质转化中发挥着重要作用,亦能激活NOTCH2信号通路,并能够与NOTCH2的细胞外域结合,但MDK诱导NOTCH2激活的确切机制尚未阐明(Huang 等人,2008年,Gungor 等人,2011年)。
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