A framework for leveraging technology to probe mechanism: A proof of concept study of inhibitory control

# Leveraging technology to probe mechanisms of psychopathology: A proof of concept study of inhibitory control
A comprehensive dataset for the data included in the manuscript entitled “Leveraging technology to probe mechanisms of psychopathology: A proof of concept study of inhibitory control”. This dataset contains demographic variables, parent-reported and child-reported clinical symptoms, behavior from four canonical cognitive function neuropsychological tests, behavioral responses from a novel mobile application assessing inhibitory control, along with structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.

## Participant Eligibility
Participants included youth ages 8 – 18 years. To be eligible for the study, participants needed to be able to read, speak, and understand English and meet diagnostic criteria for either a primary diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (generalized, social, and/or separation anxiety disorder), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD), or ADHD. In addition, youth were included with clinically-significant irritability not meeting the threshold for DMDD (ie. significant irritability but only in one setting) and youth with no psychiatric diagnosis (as assessed by a clinical using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (KSADS-PL). Participants were excluded for: IQ<70; diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, past and/or current posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, or major depression; substance use within the past three months; and neurological disorder. Parents and youth completed written informed consent and assent, respectively. Families received monetary compensation.

Of the 200 participants included in analyses, only 160 consented to share their data publicly and are included in this dataset.

## Clinical Measures
All symptoms were assessed by parent- and child-report questionnaires. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Five subscale scores (Generalized Anxiety, Panic, Social Anxiety, Separation Anxiety, School Anxiety) were calculated. Irritability symptoms were assessed using the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI). Item-level responses to the six items included in the total score were extracted. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale (CBRS). Six items from the DSM-IV ADHD Total raw score were selected (three inattention and three hyperactivity/impulsivity items with the highest factor loadings on an ADHD latent variable). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ).

Eligible participants completed a novel mobile-application for the assessment of inhibitory control. Behavior was operationalized in the following manner: percentage of targets correctly swiped as “hit rate”, percentage of targets incorrectly not-swiped as “miss rate,” percentage of stars incorrectly swiped “false alarm rate,” and percentage of stars correctly not-swiped as “correct rejection rate”. For each participant, d-prime was calculated as the difference between the standardized percentage of correct hits and the standardized percentage of false alarms.

A subset of participants completed also four canonical cognitive function neuropsychological tests: Anti-Saccade Task, AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), Flanker Task, & Stop Signal Delay Task. A measure of inhibitory control was extracted from each of the four tasks. For Anti-Saccade, we calculated the percentage of correct anti-saccade trials across all anti-saccade trials. For AX-CPT, we calculated d’ context. For Flanker task, we calculated the reaction time difference between correct responses to incongruent vs. congruent trials. And for the Stop Signal Delay Task we calculated stop-signal reaction time.

## Biological and Physiological measures
No biological or physiological measures were included in any analyses.

## Imaging data

Participants were given the option to additionally participate in optional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We measured blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) changes during the Eriksen Flanker Task with 170 whole brain T*2 weighted echo-planer images acquired using a 3T MR750 General Electric Scanner and a 32-channel head coil (TR=2000ms, TE=25, flip angle=60, field of view=96x96, slices=42/axial/3mm ). For each participant, we also collected structural images using a magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) sequence (TR=7.66, TE=3.42, flip angle=7, field of view=256x256, slices=176/sagittal/1mm).
Seed coordinates for ROIs were selected using a Neurosynth term-based meta-analysis with the term “cognitive control” (anterior cingulate [ACC], supplementary motor area [SMA], and the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus [IFG]). 𝑧-value maps (uniformity test for “cognitive control”), FDR-corrected to 0.01, were further thresholded to a 𝑧-value of 10. For each participant, percent BOLD signal change was extract in each ROI for each task condition (congruent vs incongruent trials).