RISK-STRATIFIED SCREENING FOR UROGENITAL MALIGNANCIES: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Urogenital malignancies, including prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers, are major contributors to global cancer morbidity and mortality. Early detection improves treatment outcomes; however, universal screening has limitations such as over diagnosis, false-positive results, and unnecessary interventions. Risk-stratified screening has emerged as a personalized approach that identifies individuals most likely to benefit from screening based on factors such as age, family history, genetic predisposition, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. Recent advances in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), molecular biomarkers, liquid biopsy, and artificial intelligence (AI) have further improved the accuracy of early cancer detection. This review summarizes current evidence on risk-based screening strategies for major urogenital malignancies, highlights emerging diagnostic technologies, discusses current challenges, and explores future directions toward precision oncology. Personalized screening has the potential to improve early diagnosis, reduce unnecessary procedures, and optimize healthcare resources while improving patient outcomes.