Diagnostic accuracy of three handheld cameras for detection of macular degeneration.

A positive index test was defined as a grade of any macular degeneration (MD) as determined from a consensus of three photo-graders; the reference standard was the presence of any findings of MD (i.e., diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration, pigment epithelial detachment, choroidal neovascularization, or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy) on ophthalmologist examination.