Results of the pre-study (Model 2).

I1it and I2it are Indicator or Dummy variables indicating the stimulus category (I1it: 1 = African infants, 0 = Caucasian infants; I2it: 1 = dog puppies, 0 = Caucasian infants). C represents cuteness category (Cit: 0 = less cute, 1 = cute). Robust estimators were used for statistical inference with respect to fixed effects and variance components to account for possible violations of model assumptions, such as normality of Level-2 residuals. Degrees of freedom were computed based on the Satterthwaite’s Approximation to account for the moderate sample size at Level 2 [46]. Therefore, the degrees of freedom were not necessarily integers and could vary across tests independent of the number of parameters.
Results of the pre-study (Model 2).