Table_3_Comparative genomics between Trichomonas tenax and Trichomonas vaginalis: CAZymes and candidate virulence factors.XLSX

IntroductionThe oral trichomonad Trichomonas tenax is increasingly appreciated as a likely contributor to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease induced by dysbiotic microbiota, in humans and domestic animals and is strongly associated with its worst prognosis. Our current understanding of the molecular basis of T. tenax interactions with host cells and the microbiota of the oral cavity are still rather limited. One laboratory strain of T. tenax (Hs-4:NIH/ATCC 30207) can be grown axenically and two draft genome assemblies have been published for that strain, although the structural and functional annotation of these genomes is not available.MethodsGenSAS and Galaxy were used to annotate two publicly available draft genomes for T. tenax, with a focus on protein-coding genes. A custom pipeline was used to annotate the CAZymes for T. tenax and the human sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the most well-characterized trichomonad. A combination of bioinformatics analyses was used to screen for homologs of T. vaginalis virulence and colonization factors within the T. tenax annotated proteins.ResultsOur annotation of the two T. tenax draft genome sequences and their comparison with T. vaginalis proteins provide evidence for several candidate virulence factors. These include candidate surface proteins, secreted proteins and enzymes mediating potential interactions with host cells and/or members of the oral microbiota. The CAZymes annotation identified a broad range of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families, with the majority of these being shared between the two Trichomonas species.DiscussionThe presence of candidate T. tenax virulence genes supports the hypothesis that this species is associated with periodontitis through direct and indirect mechanisms. Notably, several GH proteins could represent potential new virulence factors for both Trichomonas species. These data support a model where T. tenax interactions with host cells and members of the oral microbiota could synergistically contribute to the damaging inflammation characteristic of periodontitis, supporting a causal link between T. tenax and periodontitis.

引言：口腔毛滴虫Trichomonas tenax日益被视为可能引起牙周炎（一种由菌群失调引起的慢性炎症性疾病）的重要因素，牙周炎在人类和家畜中均有发生，且与最差的预后密切相关。我们对T. tenax与宿主细胞和口腔菌群相互作用分子基础的理解仍相当有限。一种T. tenax的实验室菌株（Hs-4:NIH/ATCC 30207）可进行无培养基培养，并已对该菌株的两个基因组草图进行了发表，尽管这些基因组的结构和功能注释尚不可用。方法：采用GenSAS和Galaxy对T. tenax的两个公开可用的基因组草图进行注释，重点关注编码蛋白基因。使用自定义流程对T. tenax和人类性传播寄生虫Trichomonas vaginalis（最被充分表征的毛滴虫）的CAZymes进行注释。结合生物信息学分析筛选T. tenax注释蛋白中T. vaginalis致病性和定植因子的同源物。结果：我们对两个T. tenax基因组草图进行的注释及其与T. vaginalis蛋白的比较提供了几个候选致病因子的证据。这些包括候选表面蛋白、分泌蛋白和调节与宿主细胞及/或口腔菌群潜在相互作用的酶。CAZymes注释鉴定出广泛的糖苷水解酶（GH）家族，其中大部分在这两种Trichomonas物种之间共享。讨论：候选T. tenax致病基因的存在支持了这一假说，即该物种通过直接和间接机制与牙周炎相关。值得注意的是，几个糖苷水解酶蛋白可能代表两种Trichomonas物种的新致病因子。这些数据支持了一种模型，即T. tenax与宿主细胞和口腔菌群相互作用可能协同导致牙周炎的特征性损害性炎症，从而支持了T. tenax与牙周炎之间的因果关系。