Associated data files and scripts for 'Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes'

Behavioral genetics in dogs has focused on modern breeds, isolated
subgroups <200 years old with distinctive physical, and,
purportedly, behavioral characteristics. We interrogated breed stereotypes
by surveying owners of 18,371 purebred and mixed-breed dogs, and densely
genotyping (~45 million markers) a subset of 2,155 dogs. Most behavioral
traits are heritable (h2>25%), and admixture patterns in
mixed-breed dogs can reveal breed propensities. However, breed poorly
predicts an individual purebred dog’s behavioral phenotype, explaining
just 9% of variation. Using genome-wide association, we identify 11 loci
significantly associated with howling and other behaviors, and show
characteristic breed behaviors are genetically complex.
Behavior-associated loci are not unusually differentiated in modern
breeds, but breed propensities do align, albeit weakly, with ancestral
function. We propose behaviors now perceived as characteristic of modern
breeds likely derive from thousands of years of polygenic adaptation
predating breed formation, with modern breeds distinguished primarily by
aesthetic, not behavioral, traits.