DAMA: the global Distribution of Alien Mammals database

We developed the DAMA (Distribution of Alien MAmmals) database, a comprehensive source reporting the global distribution of the 230 species of mammals that have established, self-sustaining and free-ranging populations outside their native range due to direct or indirect human action. Every alien range is accompanied by information on its invasion stage, pathway, method of introduction and date of introduction. We collected information from 827 different sources (scientific literature, books, risk assessments, reports, online biodiversity databases and websites), and used it to draw alien range maps for these species following the IUCN mapping framework. DAMA comprises 2726 range polygons, covering 199 Countries, 2190 level 1 administrative areas and 11 zoogeographic realms for the period 21500 BC-AD 2017. The most represented orders among introduced mammal species are Rodentia (n=58, 25.22%), Cetartiodactyla (n=49 species, 21.30%), Carnivora (n=30 species, 13.04%), Diprotodontia (n=28, 12.17%) and Primates (n=26, 11.30%). Mammal species have been frequently introduced for hunting (n=100), pet trade (n=57), conservation (n=51) and fauna improvement (n=42). The majority of range polygons are placed on islands (n=2196, 80.56%), encompass populations that have moved beyond establishment and into the invasion stage (n=1655, 60.71%), and originated from 1500 AD to the present (n=1496, 54.88%). Despite inheriting literature biases towards more studied regions (e.g., developed Countries), DAMA is the most up-to-date picture of alien mammal global distribution and can be used to investigate their invasion ecology across different biogeographical regions.本研究构建了DAMA（Distribution of Alien MAmmals，外来哺乳动物分布数据库），该数据库为综合性数据源，收录了因人类直接或间接活动而在原生分布区外建立可自我维持、自然扩散种群的230种哺乳动物的全球分布信息。每一处外来分布区均配套记录了其入侵阶段、入侵路径、引入方式与引入时间等相关信息。本研究从827个不同来源（包括学术文献、专著、风险评估报告、各类调查报告、在线生物多样性数据库及相关网站）收集数据，并依据世界自然保护联盟（International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN）的制图框架，绘制了上述物种的外来分布范围地图。DAMA共包含2726个分布范围多边形，涵盖公元前21500年至公元2017年期间的199个国家、2190个一级行政区域与11个动物地理区。在外来哺乳动物类群中，占比最高的目依次为啮齿目（Rodentia，n=58，占比25.22%）、鲸偶蹄目（Cetartiodactyla，n=49，占比21.30%）、食肉目（Carnivora，n=30，占比13.04%）、双门齿目（Diprotodontia，n=28，占比12.17%）与灵长目（Primates，n=26，占比11.30%）。哺乳动物的引入用途多集中于狩猎（n=100）、宠物贸易（n=57）、物种保护（n=51）与动物区系改良（n=42）。绝大多数分布范围多边形分布于岛屿（n=2196，占比80.56%），对应的种群已完成建立并进入入侵阶段（n=1655，占比60.71%），且其引入时间集中于公元1500年至今（n=1496，占比54.88%）。尽管该数据集受现有文献偏向性影响（例如更多关注研究程度较高的区域，如发达国家），但DAMA仍是当前最为全面的外来哺乳动物全球分布现状数据集，可用于探究不同生物地理区域内的外来哺乳动物入侵生态学相关问题。