Inferred parameters for OOA models.

Two models for the out-of-Africa expansion. We fit the commonly used 13-parameter model to the multi-population Hill-Robertson statistics (left). The best fit parameters shown here were fit to the set of statistics without the terms, because the inclusion of those terms led to runaway parameter behavior in the optimization. This is often a sign of model mis-specification. On the right, the same 13-parameter model is augmented by the inclusion of two deeply diverged branches, putatively Neanderthal and an unknown lineage within Africa. We inferred that these branches split from the branch leading to modern humans roughly 460 − 650 kya, and contributed migrants until quite recently (∼19 kya). Times reported here assume a generation time of 29 years and are calibrated by the recombination (rather than mutation) rate. Confidence intervals were computed using the Godambe information matrix on bootstrap replicates of the data [37].