THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF CITIES(IN THE EXAMPLE OF THE ENEOLITHIC PERIOD)

The article highlights the material culture of Eneolithic communities of Southern Turkmenistan based on the lower three cultural layers of the Namazgah site (Namazgah I–III). The chronology of these stages, residential construction, defensive structures, and economic activities are analyzed. In addition, the stages of architectural development of the Sarazm site demonstrate the formation of regional cultural interactions and architectural traditions during the Eneolithic period. The article also provides information on the results and achievements of archaeological scholars who conducted in-depth scientific research on the history of the formation of cities.