AMOVA results reveal that molecular variance was approximately equivalent within populations and among populations, and the vast majority of diversity was found among groups plus within populations.

Significance test was based on 1023 permutations. Va and FCT: P(random value ≥ observed value)  = 0.00196±0.00136; Vb and FSC: P(random value ≥ observed value)  = 0.03715±0.00539, populations are the individual Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand's North and South Islands and the California Counties; Vc and FST: P(random value ≥ observed value)  = 0.00000±0.00000. Groups are Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia and California.