High temperature frequently increases facilitation between aquatic foundation species: A global meta-analysis of interaction experiments between angiosperms, seaweeds, and bivalves

Many studies have quantified ecological impacts of individual foundation species (FS). However, emerging data suggest that FS often co-occur, potentially inhibiting or facilitating one another, thereby causing indirect, cascading effects on surrounding communities. Furthermore, global warming is accelerating, but little is known about how interactions between co-occurring FS vary with temperature. Shallow aquatic sedimentary systems are often dominated by three types of FS: slower-growing clonal angiosperms, faster-growing solitary seaweeds, and shell-forming filter- and deposit-feeding bivalves. Here, we tested the impacts of one FS on another by analyzing manipulative interaction experiments from 148 papers with a global meta-analysis. We calculated 1,942 (non-independent) Hedges’ g effect sizes, from 11,652 extracted values over performance responses, such as abundances, growths or survival of FS, and their associated standard deviations and replication levels. Standard aggregatio..., ,