Data from: Kungurian extinctions in eupelycosaurs: A press-pulse event?

The fossil record offers a unique window into patterns of extinction and
biodiversity recovery over deep time, and recent advances in analytical
methods have significantly enhanced this research field. Our analysis of
an updated dataset that includes 50 terminal taxa and 175 fossil
occurrences of Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae (OES
grade below) using a recent implementation of the skyline Fossilized
Birth-Death model (FBD below) confirms our previous conclusion that the
OES grade diversified during the latter half of the Pennsylvanian but
waned thereafter. However, our new results differ in several important
points compared to our previous study (published in 2024). Notably, the
transition between these two diversification regimes seems to have
occurred earlier (at 298.9 Ma, at the Carboniferous-Permian transition),
and it appears to have been marked by a moderate (0.527 survival
probability), previously unreported extinction event. Also, the OES grade
seems to have experienced a much more severe mass extinction event in the
mid-Kungurian, with an estimated survival rate of only 0.113, which left
very few surviving OES grade lineages. Climatic instability that started
around the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and lasted throughout the
Cisuralian, plausibly caused by intense volcanism of the Tarim Large
Igneous Province and the Panjal traps, may explain this pattern, which
consists of a stagnating biodiversity followed by a brief, severe
extinction event. This is reminiscent of the press-pulse model proposed by
Arens and West in 2008, but if there was indeed an end-Carboniferous
crisis, it could also be viewed as a new, more complex, pulse-press-pulse
pattern.