A comparative study of antenatal care services for Myanmar migrants in Thailand and Malaysia using the three delays framework

Background: Women from Myanmar move to Thailand and Malaysia due to these countries’ economic growth and political stability. Pregnant Myanmar migrant women encounter significant barriers in accessing antenatal care services in these countries. Thailand’s support from government, NGOs, and international organiza-tions, contrasted with Malaysia’s strict policies for female migrants plays a crucial role in the utilization of ANC services. Objective: This study documented the healthcare systems, antenatal care services, current barriers and enablers in Thailand and Malaysia. The data were analyzed to identify the strengths and weaknesses of support system for antenatal care services in terms of accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and availability using the Three Delays Framework.Method: This research is a documentary review. Articles and documents were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, BMJ, Research Gate, Google Scholar, Google, and international organization websites. A total of 32 articles were used in the study, and the data were analyzed through qualitative matrices.Findings: This study documented the available health insurance schemes and antenatal care services in Thailand and Malaysia. Thailand has implemented various supports for antenatal care services to enhance accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and availability. However, these interventions face challenges in delivering services to migrant populations. In Malaysia, the exclusion of ANC services from public hospitals and health insurance for migrants create a challenging environment for pregnant migrants in accessing necessary care.Conclusion: Government support has a positive impact on ANC utilization in terms of accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and availability in Thailand. However, there are gaps in providing equitable access to care for all migrant populations. In Malaysia, lack of comprehensive support has led to significant barriers in seeking care. This study highlights the need of considering a more inclusive approach to health policies that address the needs of migrants, ensuring access to ANC services.