A Multi-Session EEG Dataset of Longitudinal Motor Imagery BCI Training with Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation in Able-Bodied and Spinal Cord Injury Participants

This dataset captures longitudinal brain-computer interface (BCI) training data collected from a total of 27 human participants, including 25 healthy individuals and 2 individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). The dataset is designed to support research into motor imagery (MI)-based BCI performance, neuromodulation through transcutaneous electrical spinal stimulation (TESS), and neuroplasticity associated with longitudinal BCI use. It contains high-resolution EEG and EOG recordings, performance metrics, stimulation metadata, and detailed session logs across multiple experimental conditions. 1. Participants Healthy Cohort (n=25): Age: 18–30 years Gender: 48% female No prior history of neurological disorders SCI Participants (n=3): Patient-I: C5 complete lesion, 9 years post-injury, consistent motor rehabilitation Patient-II: C4 complete lesion, 3 months post-injury, stimulation at C5/C6 (Note: One female SCI participant excluded due to medical complications) 2. Experimental Design The study included three major participant groups: Main Group (n=20): EEG recordings with 32-channel cap Randomized controlled study to evaluate the effects of TESS on BCI learning Split into: TESS Group (n=10): Received 20 minutes of spinal stimulation before each training session Rest Group (n=10): Completed 20 minutes of rest instead Protocol lasted five days, including offline and online BCI sessions Cross-Over Group (n=4): Subset of Rest group participants who failed to reach BCI control Underwent a second round of training with the TESS condition after a 6-month washout Included additional pre/post stimulation resting-state EEG recordings Final follow-up session one week post-training to assess retention EEG recordings with 64-channel cap, including pre/post stimulation resting-state EEG Single-Pulse Group (n=5): EEG recordings with 64-channel cap Underwent identical training with a single-pulse stimulation protocol instead of multi-pulse TESS Designed to serve as a placebo/control to isolate TESS-specific effects Included resting-state EEG pre/post stimulation SCI Participants (n=2): Each completed the full protocol under both TESS and Rest conditions EEG recordings with 64-channel cap, including pre/post stimulation resting-state EEG 3. EEG and EOG Data Acquisition Sampling Rate: 512 Hz Electrode Montage: 32-channel 10–10 system for healthy participants 64-channel high-density cap for SCI and subgroup participants Ground: AFz; Reference: CPz Recording System: ANTNeuro EEGO with Ag/AgCl-coated electrodes Artifact Monitoring: Integrated EOG channels for blink and eye movement detection 4. BCI Task and Feedback Modality: Motor imagery (left/right hand) Task: Kinesthetic MI with bar feedback interface Online BCI Decoder: Riemannian geometry-based, recalibrated after conditioning phase Feedback Algorithm: Evidence accumulation over sliding windows Decisions based on dynamic thresholds Trial Outcomes: Hit, Miss, Timeout Session Format: 3–4 runs/session 20 trials/run EEG time-locked to MI cues, execution, and feedback events 5. Stimulation Conditions TESS Protocol: Multi-pulse 5 kHz carrier at 30 Hz Single-Pulse Protocol: 200 µs biphasic pulse once per 30 Hz period Stimulation Duration: 20 minutes/session (pre-BCI) Target Site: Cervical spine (C5/C6) Additional EEG Collection: 2-minute resting state EEG recordings pre/post stimulation in relevant groups 6. Metadata and Annotations Session Labels: Offline, Online-Baseline, Post-Conditioning, Long-Term Follow-Up Condition Tags: TESS, Rest, Single-Pulse Performance Scores: Trial-level and session-level accuracy, command latency, hit/miss distribution Participant Information: Anonymized IDs, handedness, group assignment, SCI details (where applicable) Stimulation Logs: Protocol type, duration, electrode configuration, session timestamps 7. Ethical Compliance IRB Approval: University of Texas at Austin (Protocol #2020-03-0073) ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT05183152 Informed Consent: Obtained from all participants