Urinary incontinence (UI); studies in chronological order.

Ambu = ambulant; CIC = clean-intermittent catheterisation; Crede = manual expression to empty the bladder; IC = indwelling catheter; HC = hydrocephalus; L = lumbar; MMC = myelomeningocele; NS = not specified; PS = perineal sensation; S = sacral; UD = urinary diversion; UI = urinary incontinence; void = normal voiding.
aIf no subgroup is mentioned, this figure applies to the entire cohort.
b20 patients with incontinent diversion after undergoing undiversion;
call patients with intact bladder (i.e., no UD);
ddry was defined as: ‘continent most of the time’;
ethese figures are only given for patients performing CIC;
fpatients without UD;
gexemption; only median age is stated, whereas in all other studies, mean age is given.