Supplementary information files for "Pt@Co(OH)2 nanoarrays supported on nickel foam as an enabling catalytic electrode for efficient and stable seawater electrolysis"

Supplementary files for article "Pt@Co(OH)2 nanoarrays supported on nickel foam as an enabling catalytic electrode for efficient and stable seawater electrolysis"<br><br>Direct seawater electrolysis (DSE) is extremely promising for green hydrogen production as it avoids using scarce freshwater resources, but it faces inherent challenges including slow hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) kinetics at the cathode, active-site blockage by insoluble Mg²⁺ /Ca²⁺ hydroxides precipitation and chloride corrosion. Herein, we report a high performance HER electrode based on Pt@Co(OH)₂nanoarrays supported on Nickel foam for DSE, where the dual-catalytic sites on Pt and Co adsorbed *H and *OH, respectively, efficiently promoting water dissociation. The electronic interaction between Pt and Co facilitated the desorption of *H and inhibited the adsorption of Cl- on the electrode. Moreover, positively charged Pt@Co(OH)2 nanoarrays significantly suppressed Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ migration to the electrode surface, and the ordered pore structure enabled efficient bubble-induced removal of possible precipitation. A pH-asymmetric electrolyzer was assembled with the cathode that achieved a benchmark current density of 100 mA cm^{− 2}with a low voltage of 1.675 V at 80 ℃, and it operated continuously for 1000 h at 100, 200, 500, 800 and 1000 mA cm^{− 2} without significant degradation. This work provides a synergistic strategy to simultaneously overcome the persistent challenges of reactivity and stability of the cathode in DSE, enabling sustainable industrial-scale green hydrogen production.<br><br>© The Author(s), CC By 4.0