quantitative data
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There are two main research approaches, namely qualitative and quantitative research.(de Vos et al.,2011).Each of these paradigm of methodology differ incisively in terms of inquiry method, collecting strategy for data, analysis, and quality judging criteria .Since the research question under consideration is based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and analysed with statistical procedure to determine predictive generalization of the theory (Creswell, 1994) the researcher opted for quantitative approach. Quantitative approach uses standard procedure to collect numerical data and use statistical procedure to analyse and draw conclusion. This method allows the researcher to objectively measure the variable(s) of interest and try to remain detached from research participants in other to draw unbiased conclusion. (leedy and Ormrod, 2005). In broad terms quantitative research design can be classified into two main class namely experimental and non-experimental design (de Vos et al., 2011). The experimental design consists of two groups, the control group and experimental group. The experimental group is subjected to the study and the control group is use to compare to find a variation. Since the research is a descriptive study with the selected units measuring all relevant variables at a specific time, a non-experimental design (Random cross-sectional survey) is exploited in this study. Random cross-sectional survey is usually associated with descriptive and exploratory studies where several groups of people are examine at one point in time. (deVos et al., 2011). 3.2 Sampling strategy and Sample size The study will use the simple random sampling method where each company in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study (Jackson, 2003).Each company in the population will be assigned a unique number. Simple random sampling is considered as a probability sampling. (Kumar, 2011). Five dairy manufacturing industries will be drawn from the total population of 14 companies to represent the entire population. The sample size will be selected using the fishbowl draw method. (Kumar, 2011). 3.3 Data collection method Questionnaire is the data collection method of the study. The questionnaire is adopted to give the researcher the opportunity to obtain facts and opinion about a phenomenon from people who are informed about particular sustainability issue. (Babbie and Mouton, 2001) 3.3.1. Self-Administered questionnaire A total of 100 self-administered questionnaires will be handed to 100 respondents from 5 different dairy companies. The questionnaire will consist of likert scale of five response categories. According to Neuman (2006), the likert scale is used in research in which people express attitudes in terms of ordinal-level category. The researcher will be available should respondents experience problems. The researcher will limit his own contribution to the completion of the questionnaire absol
本研究主要涵盖两类研究范式，即质性研究与量化研究（de Vos等人，2011）。两类方法论范式在探究方法、数据收集策略、分析手段以及质量评判标准上均存在显著差异。鉴于本研究的核心问题旨在检验由变量构成的理论，需通过数值化测量与统计程序开展分析以验证该理论的预测推广性（Creswell，1994），因此本研究选用量化研究范式。量化研究通过标准化流程收集数值型数据，并借助统计程序开展分析与结论推导。该方法可使研究者客观测量目标变量，且尽可能与研究对象保持疏离，以得出无偏结论（Leedy与Ormrod，2005）。 广义而言，量化研究设计可分为两大类别：实验设计与非实验设计（de Vos等人，2011）。实验设计包含两组受试对象：实验组与对照组。实验组接受研究干预，对照组则用于比对以观测组间差异。由于本研究属于描述性研究，需在特定时间点对选定对象的所有相关变量进行测量，因此本研究采用非实验设计——随机横断面调查。随机横断面调查通常应用于描述性与探索性研究，即在同一时间点对多组人群开展研究（de Vos等人，2011）。 3.2 抽样策略与样本量 本研究采用简单随机抽样方法，即总体中的每家企业均有均等概率被纳入研究（Jackson，2003）。首先为总体内每家企业分配唯一编号，简单随机抽样属于概率抽样范畴（Kumar，2011）。本研究从14家乳制品制造企业的总体中抽取5家作为样本以代表整体总体，并采用抽签法选取样本（Kumar，2011）。 3.3 数据收集方法 本研究以问卷作为数据收集工具。采用问卷法可使研究者从熟悉特定可持续性议题的受访者处，获取关于某一现象的事实信息与主观观点（Babbie与Mouton，2001）。 3.3.1 自填式问卷 本研究将向来自5家乳制品企业的100名受访者发放共计100份自填式问卷。问卷采用5级李克特（Likert）量表作为作答选项。根据Neuman（2006）的研究，李克特量表常用于需受访者以有序类别形式表达态度的研究中。若受访者在填写过程中遇到问题，研究者将在场提供协助。研究者将尽量减少自身对问卷填写过程的干预，以确保作答的独立性（原文末尾存在截断，收尾为“absol”）。
