Typical anthropogenic noise sources at Stellwagen Bank.

aRecommended received pressure level in the NOAA guideline for continuous-type sources [84].bRange of received pressure level at Stellwagen Bank single sensor reported by Risch et al. of OAWRS impulsive signal [34], of roughly 1–2 seconds duration and at least 75 seconds spacing between impulses. Source ranges are determined at the frequencies with maximum humpback whale vocalization energy, using the waveguide propagation methods described in Section 3.5. Humpback whale vocalizations are known to have source levels in the range of 175 to 188 dB re 1 µPa and 1 m [9], [101], [102], [153], and have been reported to go up to 203 dB re 1 µPa and 1 m [166]. All data shown in the table is for sources and measurements in water where based on the sound speed and density of water, is the power level in dB re 1 Watt, and is the source level in dB re 1 µPa and 1 m. Underwater noise from a typical low flying jet airplane [26] can lead to underwater sound pressure levels exceeding 120 dB re 1 µPa in water at ranges less than 5 kilometers.Typical anthropogenic noise sources at Stellwagen Bank.