Dataset for the research article: "Lava Lakes on Io: crust age and implications for thermal output"

The KDE estimation was performed using the included MATLAB script; the result for the case of Catha P. is shown in Figure S0. As can be seen from the figure, among the pixels inside the green box (Figure A1 in the Methods section of the article), there is a population with radiance between 0.02 and 0.04 W m⁻² sr⁻¹ that stands out from the rest of the population and represents the average crustal radiance. Indeed, the peak of this portion of the distribution coincides with the median of the pixels inside the red box (i.e., those exclusively representing the crust, also in Figure A1 in the Methods section). The use of the kernel density estimation algorithm makes it easy to identify the mode (i.e., the most frequent value in the distribution). At higher radiances, the signal corresponds to what was filtered out by this method, that is contamination from the surrounding hot ring. The script works with Matlab (version 2018 and later). The file "supplementary-v5" contains figures from S1 to S36 and a reference table Figure S1 Amaterasu Patera as observed in PJ51. Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S2 Amaterasu Patera as observed in PJ55. Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S3 Babbar Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S4 Bulicame Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S5 Catha Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S6 Chors Patera as observed in PJ55. Left: visible; right: infrared (L band). Figure S7 Chors Patera as observed in PJ51. Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S8 Chors Patera as observed in PJ55. Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S9 Dazhbog Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S10 Dusura Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S11 Fuchi Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S12 Heno Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S13 Kinich Ahau Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S14 Lei-Kung C Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S15 Lei-Kung K Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S16 Maui Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S17 Mazda A Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S18 Mihr Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S19 Mulungu Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S20 P139 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S21 P62 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S22 P63 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S23 P63 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (L band). Figure S24 PFd1069 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S25 Pajoon (previously known as PFd630) Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S26 PFu1128 Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S27 Pfu1063 Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S28 Sigurd Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (L band). Figure S29 Surt Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S30 Susanoo Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S31 Tol Ava Patera . Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S32 Tvashtar. Left: visible; right: infrared (M band). Figure S33 Unnamed 07 Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S34 Unnamed 08 Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S35 Unnamed 18 Patera in the infrared (M band). Figure S36 Uta Patera in the infrared (M band).