Direct and indirect effects of landscape and field management intensity on carabids through trophic resources and weeds

Carabids are important biological control agents of weeds and other pests in agricultural fields. The carabid community is built upon direct and indirect ecological effects of landscape complexity, field management intensity and biotic components that in interaction make any prediction of community size and composition challenging.

We analyse a large-scale sample of 60 European cereal fields using Structural Equation Modelling to quantify the direct effects of field management intensity and the surrounding landscape, and their indirect effect via biotic components, on carabid diversity.

Our results highlight that direct and indirect effects of increasing landscape complexity, mediated by trophic resources, mainly affect carabids positively. Field management intensity only ever affects carabids through indirect effects that are generally negative, by suppressing standing weeds and weed seeds.

Indirect effects on granivore carabid species depended on weed seed availability wherea...