Application and Progress of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Antivascular Therapy in Tumor Therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel method for tumor ablation that offers the advantages of being noninvasive, reproducible, and highly selective, with few side effects. Accordingly, it is widely used to effectively treat various solid tumors. However, despite its practicality and efficacy, the oxidative stress induced by PDT can trigger angiogenesis, which may promote tumor metastasis or recurrence. Tumor cells produce activators of various angiogenic factors after PDT, thereby reducing PDT efficacy by inducing angiogenesis and tumor revascularization. Consequently, researchers have investigated the effects of combining PDT with molecularly targeted drugs. Clinical studies have shown that inhibiting angiogenesis after PDT is a valuable cancer treatment strategy. This combined approach can enhance apoptosis, reduce tumor load, prolong survival, decrease recurrence rates, and significantly improve PDT efficacy. To fully realize the potential of this combination therapy, nanotechnology has been increasingly employed in recent years to achieve efficient drug delivery and regulation of the vascular microenvironment, thereby addressing the issues of drug resistance and targeting. This review summarizes the principles and mechanisms of PDT and anti-angiogenic therapy, highlights effective therapeutic strategies that combine angiogenesis inhibitors with PDT for tumor treatment, and discusses the current challenges and future opportunities.

光动力疗法（PDT）是一种创新的肿瘤消融方法，具有非侵入性、可重复性和高度选择性等优势，副作用极少。因此，该方法被广泛应用于有效治疗各种实体肿瘤。然而，尽管PDT在实用性和疗效方面表现出色，但其引发的氧化应激可能触发血管生成，进而促进肿瘤的转移或复发。PDT处理后，肿瘤细胞会产生多种血管生成因子的激活剂，通过诱导血管生成和肿瘤再血管化来降低PDT的疗效。因此，研究人员开始探讨将PDT与分子靶向药物相结合的效果。临床研究表明，抑制PDT后的血管生成是一种宝贵的癌症治疗策略。这种联合治疗方法可以增强细胞凋亡，减少肿瘤负荷，延长生存期，降低复发率，并显著提高PDT的疗效。为了充分实现这种联合疗法的潜力，近年来纳米技术被越来越多地应用于实现高效的药物递送和对血管微环境的调节，从而解决药物耐药性和靶向性问题。本文综述了PDT和抗血管生成疗法的原理和机制，突出了将血管生成抑制剂与PDT结合用于肿瘤治疗的有效治疗策略，并讨论了当前面临的挑战和未来的机遇。